Physician

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The word physician applies to a person who practices some type of medicine. Such medical practitioners are concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury, through both an area of knowledge — a science — of body organ system, their diseases and treatment, and the applied practice — an art or craft — of that knowledge.

Physicians are traditionally considered to be members of a learned profession because of the extensive training requirements and also because of the occupation's special ethical and legal duties. Many children often are pushed by parents to become physicians due to a misconception of its position in society and a notion of a stable income. It is important to note however, that medical professionals especially in the United States and Canada often work inflexible hours, long work hour shifts, and generally earn less income than a business MBA graduate, lawyer, CA (charted accountant), or managerial positions at firms such as insurance companies and banks.

Etymology of the word "physician" and its synonyms The Classical Greek noun physis and derived adjective physikos meant "nature" and "natural". From this, amongst other derivatives came the Late Latin physicus, which meant a doctor of medicine. After the Norman Conquest, the word entered Middle English via Old French fisicien, as early as 1200. Originally, physician meant a practitioner of physic (pronounced with a hard C). This archaic noun had entered Middle English by 1300 (via Old French fisique). The noun physic meant the art or science of treatment with drugs or medications (as opposed to surgery), and was later used both as a verb and also to describe the medications themselves.Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on historical principles. Fifth edition, OUP, 2002Partidge E., Origins: a short etymological dictionary of modern English. Fourth edition, Book Club Associates, 1966Barnhart R.K. (ed.), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. (previously published as Barnhart's Dictionary of Etymology), New York: Chambers, 1988

In English, there have been many synonyms for physician, both old and new, with some semantic variation. Medical practitioner is perhaps the most widely understood and neutral synonym. Medical practitioner is lengthy but inclusive: it covers both medical specialists and general practitioners (= family physician, family practitioner), and historically would cover physicians (in the narrow sense — see below), surgeons or apothecary. The term doctor (medical doctor) is older and shorter (see doctor of medicine), but may be confused with holders of other academic doctorates. Doctor (Genitive case: doctoris) means teacher in Latin_language and is a contraction of the Greek_language διδάκτωρ (didaktōr = teacher), from the verb διδάσκειν (didaskein = to teach). In French_language, wikt:médecin is a contraction of docteur médecin, a direct equivalent of doctor of medicine. In current French idiom, the term wikt:toubib, is now a synonym, derived from Arabic طبيب (tabīb = physician).

The Greek_language word wikt:ἰατρός (iatros = doctor or healer) is not preserved directly in English, but occurs in such formations as psychiatrist (translates from Greek as healer of the soul), podiatrist (= foot healer),and iatrogenic disease (= a disease caused by medical treatment). In Latin, wikt:medicus meant much what doctor does now, but the ancient Romans also had the word archiater, for court physician. wikt:archiater derives from the ancient Greek αρχίατρος (from wikt:ἄρχω + wikt:ἰατρός = chief healer); by contraction, this has given German_language its word for physician, wikt:arzt.

Leech and leechcraft are archaic English words respectively for doctor and medicine. The Old English language word for "physician", wikt:læċe, which is related to Old High German lāhhi and Old Irish language liaig, has survived as the modern English word leech, as these particular creatures were formerly much used by the medical profession. Cognate for leech exist in modern Swedish_language as wikt:läkare, and in modern Norwegian_language as wikt:lege; these Scandinavian words translate as doctor or physician — and not as a blood-sucking parasite (see List of false friends between Swedish and English).

Different meanings of the word "physician" "Physician" = any medical practitioner Physician in the broad sense, usually in North America, now applies to any legally qualified practitioner of medicine. In the United States, the term physician is now commonly used to describe any medical doctor holding the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree (see below). The American Medical Association, established 1847, uses physician in this broad sense to describe all its members. See the article on Medicine for more information on what physicians (in this broad sense) do in practice.

"Physician" = specialist (or subspecialist) in internal medicine However, Physician is still widely used in an older, narrow sense, especially outside North America. In this usage, a physician is a Medical specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to a specialist in surgery). This traditional meaning of physician still conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of surgeons.Fowler H.W. A dictionary of modern English usage. 1926. Second edition (E. Gowers, ed.) OUP, 1965

This older usage is at least six hundred years old in English; physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The Shorter OED, third edition, gives a Middle English quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a phisician." Onions C.T. (ed.) Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on historical principles. Third edition, OUP, 1944. reprinted with corrections 1967 Henry_VIII_of_England granted a charter to the Royal College of Physicians (London) in 1518, and granted the Company of Barber/Surgeons (ancestor of the Royal College of Surgeons) its separate charter in 1540. In the same year, the same English monarch established the Regius_Professor_of_Physic_(Cambridge) at Cambridge University http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html. Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as a professor of internal medicine. Hence, in the 16th century, physic meant roughly what internal medicine does now.

These days, a specialist physician in this older, narrow sense would probably be described in the United States as a internist (a specialist in internal medicine). The older, narrow usage of physician (= internist) is common in United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Canada, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, India, Indonesia, Republic of China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Hong Kong. In such places, the terms doctor or medical practitioner are prevalent, to describe any practitioner of medicine (whom an American would likely call a physician, in the newer, broad sense). For information on the work of specialist physicians in the older, narrow sense, see internal medicine, or else visit the web page

Definition: physician from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

Definition: physicians from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

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